Transpor pasif
Transpor pasif merupakan suatu perpindahan molekul menuruni gradien konsentrasinya. Transpor pasif ini bersifat spontan. Difusi, osmosis, dan difusi terfasilitasi merupakan contoh dari transpor pasif. Difusi terjadi akibat gerak termal yang meningkatkan entropi atau ketidakteraturan sehingga menyebabkan campuran yang lebih acak. Difusi akan berlanjut selama respirasi seluler yang mengkonsumsi O2 masuk. Osmosis merupakan difusi pelarut melintasi membran selektif yang arah perpindahannya ditentukan oleh beda konsentrasi zat terlarut total (dari hipotonis ke hipertonis). Difusi terfasilitasi juga masih dianggap ke dalam transpor pasif karena zat terlarut berpindah menurut gradien konsentrasinya.
Contoh molekul yang berpindah dengan transpor pasif ialah air dan glukosa. Transpor pasif air dilakukan lipid bilayer dan transpor pasif glukosa terfasilitasi transporter. Ion polar berdifusi dengan bantuan protein transpor.
Transpor aktif
Transpor aktif merupakan kebalikan dari transpor pasif dan bersifat tidak spontan. Arah perpindahan dari transpor ini melawan gradien konsentrasi. Transpor aktif membutuhkan bantuan dari beberapa protein. Contoh protein yang terlibat dalam transpor aktif ialah channel protein dan carrier protein, serta ionophore.
Yang termasuk transpor aktif ialah coupled carriers, ATP driven pumps, dan light driven pumps. Dalam transpor menggunakan coupled carriers dikenal dua istilah, yaitu simporter dan antiporter. Simporter ialah suatu protein yang mentransportasikan kedua substrat searah, sedangkan antiporter mentransfer kedua substrat dengan arah berlawanan. ATP driven pump merupakan suatu siklus transpor Na+/K+ ATPase. Light driven pump umumnya ditemukan pada sel bakteri. Mekanisme ini membutuhkan energi cahaya dan contohnya terjadi pada Bakteriorhodopsin.(http://www.membuatblog.web.id/2010/02/struktur-dan-fungsi-sel.html)
· DIFUSI
Difusi merupakan pergerakan atau perpindahan partikel atau molekul suatu zat (padat,cair, atau gas) dari tempat yang berkonsentrasi tinggi ke tempat yang berkonsentrasi rendah, baik melewati membran ataupun tidak.
Contohnya : perpindahan oksigen (O2) dari paru-paru ke dalam darah.
· OSMOSIS
Osmosis merupakan proses perpindahan molekul-molekul zat pelarut (air) dari tempat yang berkonsentrasi rendah menuju ke tempat yang berkonsentrasi tinggi dengan melewati membran semipermeabel.
Contohnya : Masuknya air ke dalam sel-sel akar.
· DIFUSI TERBANTU
Difusi terbantu adalah difusi yang memerlukan bantuan protein.
Contohnya : perpindahan bakteri Escherichia Coli ke medium yang mengandung laktosa.(http://kaoruandhimura.wordpress.com/)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
DN, Ummu Ataliana, Dra. 2006. Prestise biologi untuk Siswa SMA & MA Kelas XI. Surakarta: Pustaka Utama.
Pratiwi, D. A., Dra, dkk. 2007. Biologi untuk SMA Kelas XI. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Pujiyanto, Sri. 2008. Menjelajah Dunia Biologi 2 Kelas XI. Solo: PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri.
Santoso, Begot, Drs., M. Si. 2005. Biologi dan Kecakapan Hidup. Jakarta: Ganeca Exact.
Minggu, 22 Agustus 2010
Minggu, 13 Juni 2010
Sabtu, 05 Juni 2010
bali beach
Kuta is administratively a district (kecamatan) and subdistrict/village (kelurahan) in southern Bali, Indonesia. A former fishing village, it was one of the first towns on Bali to see substantial tourist development, and as a beach resort remains one of Indonesia's major tourist destinations. It is known internationally for its long sandy beach, varied accommodation, many restaurants and bars, and many renowned surfers who visit from Australia. It is located near Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport.
Kuta was the site of the October 12, 2002 1st Bali bombing (202 killed) and the October 1, 2005 2nd Bali bombing (26 killed).
The Balinese Provincial Government have taken the view that the preservation of the Balinese culture, natural resources and wildlife are of primary importance in the development of the island. To this end they have limited tourist development to the peninsula on the extreme southern aspect of the island; Kuta beach is on the western side of this peninsula and Sanur is on the east. To the north of the peninsula no new tourist development is supposedly permitted.[citation needed].
To the south, Kuta Beach extends beyond the airport into Jimbaran. Other nearby towns and villages include Seseh (6.4 nm), Denpasar (4.5 nm), Ujung (1.8 nm), Pesanggaran (2.0 nm), Kedonganan (2.9 nm) and Tuban (1.0 nm).
Kuta is now the center of an extensive tourist-oriented urban area that merges into the neighboring towns. Legian, to the north, is the commercial hub of Kuta and the site of many restaurants and entertainment spots. Most of the area's big beachfront hotels are in the southern section of Tuban.
Legian and Seminyak are northern extensions of Kuta along Jl. Legian and Jl. Basangkasa. They are somewhat quieter suburbs with cottage-style accommodations, where many of the expat crowd live. Also to the north are Petitenget, Berawa, Canggu, and Seseh - new and quieter continuations of Kuta's beach. They are easy to reach through Abian Timbul or Denpasar and Kerobokan. Several large hotels are located in this area: the Oberoi Bali, Hard Rock Hotel Bali, the Intan Bali Village, the Legian in Petitenget, the Dewata Beach and the Bali Sani Suites in Berawa.
THE SECOND BEACH IS
Kuta was the site of the October 12, 2002 1st Bali bombing (202 killed) and the October 1, 2005 2nd Bali bombing (26 killed).
The Balinese Provincial Government have taken the view that the preservation of the Balinese culture, natural resources and wildlife are of primary importance in the development of the island. To this end they have limited tourist development to the peninsula on the extreme southern aspect of the island; Kuta beach is on the western side of this peninsula and Sanur is on the east. To the north of the peninsula no new tourist development is supposedly permitted.[citation needed].
To the south, Kuta Beach extends beyond the airport into Jimbaran. Other nearby towns and villages include Seseh (6.4 nm), Denpasar (4.5 nm), Ujung (1.8 nm), Pesanggaran (2.0 nm), Kedonganan (2.9 nm) and Tuban (1.0 nm).
Kuta is now the center of an extensive tourist-oriented urban area that merges into the neighboring towns. Legian, to the north, is the commercial hub of Kuta and the site of many restaurants and entertainment spots. Most of the area's big beachfront hotels are in the southern section of Tuban.
Legian and Seminyak are northern extensions of Kuta along Jl. Legian and Jl. Basangkasa. They are somewhat quieter suburbs with cottage-style accommodations, where many of the expat crowd live. Also to the north are Petitenget, Berawa, Canggu, and Seseh - new and quieter continuations of Kuta's beach. They are easy to reach through Abian Timbul or Denpasar and Kerobokan. Several large hotels are located in this area: the Oberoi Bali, Hard Rock Hotel Bali, the Intan Bali Village, the Legian in Petitenget, the Dewata Beach and the Bali Sani Suites in Berawa.
THE SECOND BEACH IS
indonesia
Tourism in Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:navigation, search
Jimbaran Beach, Bali.
Tourism in Indonesia is an important component of the Indonesian economy as well as a significant source of its foreign exchange revenues. In 2008, the number of international tourists has reached over 6 million people who spent more than 7 billion US dollars[1].
Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism. The natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a vast archipelago of more than 17,000 islands[2], the second longest shoreline in the world[3], and a tropical climate. The beaches in Bali, diving sites in Bunaken, and various national parks in Sumatra are just a few examples of popular scenic destinations. These natural attractions are complemented by a rich cultural heritage that reflects Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity. One fact that exemplifies this richness is that over 700 languages are used across the archipelago[4]. The ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja, Yogyakarta, Minangkabau, and of course Bali, with its many Hindu festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.
Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism[5]. International tourism campaigns have been focusing largely on its tropical destinations with white sand beaches, blue sky, and cultural attractions. Beach resorts and hotels have been developed in some popular tourist destinations, especially Bali island as the primary destination. At the same time, the integration of cultural affairs and tourism under the scope of the same ministry shows that cultural tourism is considered an integral part of Indonesia's tourism industry, and conversely, that tourism is used to promote and preserve the cultural heritage.
Some of the challenges Indonesia's tourism industry has to face include the development of infrastructure to support tourism across the sprawling archipelago, incursions of the industry into local traditions (adat), and the impact of tourism development on the life of local people. Tourism industry in Indonesia has also faced setbacks due to problems related to security. Since 2002, warnings have been issued by some countries over terrorist threats and ethnic/religious conflicts in some areas, significantly reducing the number of foreign visitors for a few years. However, the number of international tourists has bounced back positively since 2007, and reached a new record in 2008[6] [1]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:navigation, search
Jimbaran Beach, Bali.
Tourism in Indonesia is an important component of the Indonesian economy as well as a significant source of its foreign exchange revenues. In 2008, the number of international tourists has reached over 6 million people who spent more than 7 billion US dollars[1].
Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism. The natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a vast archipelago of more than 17,000 islands[2], the second longest shoreline in the world[3], and a tropical climate. The beaches in Bali, diving sites in Bunaken, and various national parks in Sumatra are just a few examples of popular scenic destinations. These natural attractions are complemented by a rich cultural heritage that reflects Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity. One fact that exemplifies this richness is that over 700 languages are used across the archipelago[4]. The ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja, Yogyakarta, Minangkabau, and of course Bali, with its many Hindu festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.
Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism[5]. International tourism campaigns have been focusing largely on its tropical destinations with white sand beaches, blue sky, and cultural attractions. Beach resorts and hotels have been developed in some popular tourist destinations, especially Bali island as the primary destination. At the same time, the integration of cultural affairs and tourism under the scope of the same ministry shows that cultural tourism is considered an integral part of Indonesia's tourism industry, and conversely, that tourism is used to promote and preserve the cultural heritage.
Some of the challenges Indonesia's tourism industry has to face include the development of infrastructure to support tourism across the sprawling archipelago, incursions of the industry into local traditions (adat), and the impact of tourism development on the life of local people. Tourism industry in Indonesia has also faced setbacks due to problems related to security. Since 2002, warnings have been issued by some countries over terrorist threats and ethnic/religious conflicts in some areas, significantly reducing the number of foreign visitors for a few years. However, the number of international tourists has bounced back positively since 2007, and reached a new record in 2008[6] [1]
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)